Indonesia Media Perception On US-China Rivalry

Presented in The 2023 Asia Media Forum by The Foundation for Excellence for Journalism Award (FEJA), in Taipei, Taiwan (10-11 June). The event theme: News Coverage Amid US-China Geopolitical Rivalry.

Now, the topic that I will share is “Indonesia Media Perspective on US-China Rivalry”. Not an easy one for me, as I am not an expert on the conflict itself.  My understanding is from reading the news coverage from many media outlets, international media, listening to expert and diplomats in many occasion, and of course, observing IDN Times coverage on the issue.  Oh, and I also monitor the issue via social media.  My understanding is based on my experience since around 2009 when I started to joint Twitter (@unilubis), all of the breaking news broke in Twitter. So I need to intensively monitor Twitter.  And nowadays, TikTok. Yeah, gen Z is there.  Ups, sorry to mention this platform.

I will start with the numbers. The last one year, since June 2022, IDN Times produced more than a thousand articles with keyword : AS, China, Perang.  AS is US, Perang is War. Meaning that we publish almost three articles in daily basis.  That is quite a lot for world affairs desk media in Indonesia.  I am sure that other media with bigger number of teams publish more articles.  We on the other hand, only have two writers dedicated for world affairs desk.   So, to be honest, as stated by Simorre (France TV correspondent in Taiwan), in this morning session, we basically covered this issue based on press agency, quoting diplomats through their official statements in conferences and or official websites/social media account. Around 50 percents of stories regarding US-China is about war and conflict. Sad, but that is the fact.

Only in the last six months, when one of our journalist gained scholarship to learn Chinese language at NTNU or Shida University, under  Huayu Enrichment Scholarship, that he wrote articles about the culture, the culinary, places of interest, about youth activities in Taipei, mostly. Not about war and conflict, beyond cross-strait tension.

So, the idea on an exchange story, more from Taiwan perspective, Taiwan Media Center, I think will build more understanding on Taiwan and its people. Looking forward for it.

Why China became interesting lately?

 I think, the interest on anything related with “China” keyword started since President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo took office in October 2014. Since which, interest in China has increased, along with increased coverage by Indonesia media.  I am sure a lot of you following the analysis that Indonesia is perceived closer to China, along with the perception started when Presiden Jokowi decided to pick China as the partner to build the first High Speed Railways for Indonesia, from Jakarta to Bandung, with a length of around 120 kilometer, similar Beijing-Tianjin. Jokowi first took this route when he visited Beijing for APEC Summit in November 2014, a month after he was elected. Since than, it seems Jokowi has developed a close and personal relationship  with President Xi Jinping. The mega project decided in 2016, and supposed to launch in 2020, but, according to the latest info, the HSR will be launched in 18th August 2023.

In December 2022, a week after Indonesia successfully host G20 Summit, in Bali, I received special interview opportunity with President Jokowi.  We did it in Istana Bogor (Bogor Palace).  One of the questions I asked  Jokowi was : Which G20 leader are you closest too? Jokowi answered : “Actually, I know all the G20 leaders well because I met them in person when I visited their countries. Including, President Joe Biden, President Putin and Presiden Zelenskyy  But, I only had dinner along with Ibu Iriana (first lady), with President Xi and Madame Xi.

I wrote an article about how Jokowi considers President Xi as a “mentor” since the beginning of Jokowi presidency.  But, the dinner in Bali is very clear example of the closeness between the two leaders.

So, is it true that Indonesia is getting closer to China?

I would like to share Indonesia official position in foreign policy, and this position based on our Constitution, Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, especially the preambule (an opening statement).

Indonesia has historically pursued an independent foreign policy known as "Bebas dan Aktif" (Free and Active), which promotes maintaining neutrality and engaging with all nations based on mutual respect and non-interference.

Indonesia, as a country with strong economic ties to both the US and China, has maintained a neutral stance on the rivalry.  The Indonesian government has emphasized the importance of maintaining stability and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region and has encouraged both countries to resolve their differences through dialogue and peaceful means.

In terms of media coverage, Indonesian news outlets have extensively reported on the escalating tensions between the US and China, particularly in the context of trade disputes and territorial claims in the South China Sea.  Some media outlets have expressed concern over the potential negative impacts on the rivalry on Indonesia's economy and security, while others have highlighted the opportunities for Indonesia to position itself as a neutral mediator and regional leader in promoting dialogue and cooperation between the two superpowers. 

Indonesia has sought to enhance economic cooperation with both the United States and China. It has extensive trade relations with both countries and recognizes the benefits of their investments and technology transfer.

China is the 2nd highest foreign direct investment in Indonesia in 2022, with  US$ 5.18 billions, US rank 6th with US$ 2.12 billions

However, the Indonesian government also values its sovereignty and is cautious about becoming overly dependent on any one power.

In terms of security and regional issues, Indonesia has expressed its support for maintaining peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. It has advocated for the principles of ASEAN centrality and the peaceful resolution of disputes.

This year 2023, Indonesia served as ASEAN Chairman and held the ASEAN Summit in Labuhan Bajo, last May where six points were discussed.  One of them shows that some ASEAN countries are worried about China’s reclamation is South China Sea and damage to the marine environment in waters of the SCS.

So, back to our topic,  How has Indonesian Media Covering US-China Rivalry?

Indonesian media outlets typically cover the US-China rivalry from various perspectives, including political, economic, and security aspects. The coverage often focuses on how the rivalry impacts Indonesia and the wider Southeast Asian region. Here are some common themes that Indonesian media may have explored:

Economic implications: Indonesian media may discuss the economic competition between the United States and China, including trade relations, investments, and economic influence. They might examine how Indonesia benefits from economic ties with both countries and how any tensions or conflicts could impact its economy.

Regional security concerns: Indonesian media analyzed the security dynamics in the region as a result of the US-China rivalry. They cover issues like territorial disputes in the South China Sea, military presence, and alliances. Indonesian media usually highlight Indonesia's stance on these matters and its efforts to maintain regional stability.

The media  focus on territorial disputes in the South China Sea, where China's expansive claims overlap with those of several Southeast Asian nations, including Indonesia. Coverage  included discussions on maritime boundaries, fishing rights, and the geopolitical implications of these dispute)

Indonesian media also emphasized  the strategic importance of Taiwan in the Asia-Pacific region and how tensions between the US and China could affect regional security dynamics. We publish the potential for increased military activities or the risk of conflict.

Political influence: Media outlets in Indonesia scrutinized the diplomatic maneuverings between the United States and China and their attempts to gain influence in the region. They discussed  Indonesia's position in balancing its relations with both countries while safeguarding its sovereignty.

For geopolitical influence, Indonesian media  has analyzed and discussed the geopolitical competition between the United States and China, including their respective efforts to exert influence in the Southeast Asian region. This could include coverage of infrastructure projects, investment, and political alliances.)

Technological competition: The media cover the rivalry between the United States and China in emerging technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity. They  highlight Indonesia's role in adopting and navigating these technologies and the potential implications for its digital development.

Multilateral engagements: Indonesian media often publish the story on the involvement of both the United States and China in regional and global organizations such as ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and the United Nations. We wrote about how Indonesia, as a member of these organizations, can leverage its position amid the rivalry.

How Indonesian media covering South China Sea?

Indonesia, as a country with significant maritime interests, has been monitoring the situation in the South China Sea closely. The media coverage in Indonesia regarding the South China Sea issue has generally focused on several key aspects:

Territorial disputes: Indonesian media often report on the territorial disputes in the South China Sea, particularly those involving China and other claimant countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei. The media may highlight incidents, tensions, and diplomatic developments related to the disputes.

Resource exploration and exploitation: The South China Sea is known to have rich natural resources, including fisheries, oil, and gas reserves. Indonesian media may cover stories related to resource exploration, illegal fishing, and the economic implications of resource disputes in the region.

Freedom of navigation: Indonesia, as an archipelagic nation, is concerned about maintaining freedom of navigation and the principle of unrestricted movement through the South China Sea. Media coverage often emphasizes Indonesia's stance on this issue and reports on any developments that could impact regional maritime security and trade.

Regional cooperation: Indonesian media may highlight regional efforts to address the South China Sea issue, such as ASEAN-led initiatives and diplomatic negotiations. This includes coverage of ASEAN summits, joint statements, and the role of Indonesia in facilitating dialogue and consensus-building among ASEAN member states.

Trade and Investment: The trade tensions between the US and China have resulted in a shift in global trade patterns. As the US and China impose tariffs on each other's goods, some companies have looked for alternative manufacturing locations. Indonesia has emerged as a potential beneficiary, attracting foreign direct investment from companies seeking to diversify their production bases. This influx of investment can lead to job creation, technology transfer, and economic growth in Indonesia.

Commodity Prices: Indonesia is a major exporter of commodities such as coal, palm oil, and rubber. The US-China rivalry has affected global commodity prices, which, in turn, has impacted Indonesia's export earnings. For instance, when tensions escalate and trade volumes decline between the two countries, it can lead to a decrease in global demand for commodities, causing prices to drop. This can adversely affect the Indonesian economy, as commodity exports form a significant portion of its revenue.

Infrastructure Development: Both the US and China have been competing in providing infrastructure financing and investments in various countries, including Indonesia. This rivalry has created opportunities for Indonesia to secure funding for its infrastructure projects. However, it can also lead to challenges, as Indonesia needs to carefully navigate the interests of both countries while ensuring the projects align with its own development goals.

Technological Development: The US-China rivalry extends to areas such as technology and innovation. Indonesia, like many other countries, has become a battleground for technology companies from both countries. Chinese tech giants have made significant investments in Indonesian startups and e-commerce platforms, while US companies continue to expand their presence. This rivalry can drive technological advancements in Indonesia, benefitting its digital economy and fostering innovation.

Regional Stability: The US-China rivalry has geopolitical implications, which can indirectly impact Indonesia's economy. As the two superpowers vie for influence in the Indo-Pacific region, there may be a potential for increased tensions or military presence. Any disruption to regional stability can have negative consequences for Indonesia's economy, as it relies on peaceful and stable conditions to attract investments and maintain trade relationships.

It is important to note that the impacts of the US-China rivalry on Indonesia's economy are complex and can vary over time. While certain aspects may bring opportunities, there are also potential risks and challenges that need to be carefully managed by Indonesian policymakers to ensure sustainable economic growth.

How Indonesia media covering Taiwan with regard to US-China Rivalry?

Economic and Trade Relations: Indonesian media publish the impact of the US-China rivalry on Taiwan's economic and trade relations. Taiwan is a major player in global technology supply chains, and any disruption caused by tensions between the US and China could have implications for Indonesian businesses.

Regional Security: Indonesian media  highlighted  the strategic importance of Taiwan in the Asia-Pacific region and how tensions between the US and China could affect regional security dynamics. We wrote on the potential for increased military activities or the risk of conflict.

Diplomatic Recognition: Indonesia, like most countries, follows the One China policy, recognizing the People's Republic of China as the legitimate government of China. As a result, Indonesian media might not emphasize Taiwan's diplomatic status or international engagements.

Human Interest Stories: Indonesian media might cover human interest stories related to Taiwan in the context of the US-China rivalry. These stories could focus on the experiences of Taiwanese people, political figures, or individuals affected by the tensions. Also, there are around 300.000 Indonesia migrant workers working in Taiwan.  The legal workers.  Stories about them always relevant and has proximity with Indonesian media audience.

On the plane to Taipei, sat next to me a young man, 25 years old, from a fishing Village in East Java.  He has been working in Penghu Island since these three years.  He admits that he is happy to be able to work for a fishing company in this country. Worked under a good boss. From the results of that work he was able to buy a plot of land for himself and renovate his parent’s house. He just extended his work contract for another three years. He didn’t even finish elementary school. A good story. We also covered story about abusive employer to Indonesia migrant worker in Taiwan.

The impact of US-China Rivalry on Technology and Its Impact to Journalism Work

UN Secretary General Antonio Gutteres in his special address at World Economic Forum 2023, 18 January in Davos, Switzerland, alludes to the US-China Rivalry and its impact. I was there, we had small group discussion with him.

I quote :

“We risk what I have called a Great Fracture – the decoupling of the world’s two largest economies.  A tectonic rift that would create two different sets of trade rules, two dominant currencies, two internets and two conflicting strategies on artificial intelligence.

This is the last thing we need.  The IMF reported that dividing the global economy into two blocs could cut global GDP by a whopping US$ 1.4 trillion.

There are many aspects in which US-China relation diverge – particularly on questions on human rights and regional security.  But, it is possible – indeed essential – for the two countries to have  meaningful engagement on climate, trade and technology to avoid the decoupling of economies or even the possibility of future confrontation.”

The decoupling of technology under the US-China rivalry has significant implications for journalism work. The US and China have been engaged in a complex geopolitical competition that has extended into the technological realm, particularly with regard to information and communication technologies.

Decoupling refers to the process of separating or reducing interdependence between two countries in various areas, including technology. In the context of the US-China rivalry, decoupling technology involves limiting or severing the flow of certain technologies, such as hardware, software, and data, between the two countries. This decoupling is driven by concerns related to national security, intellectual property theft, and economic competition.

The impact of this decoupling on journalism work is multifaceted. Here are a few key points to consider:

Access to information: Decoupling technology can potentially restrict journalists' access to information from the opposing country. As technology ecosystems become more separate, it becomes harder for journalists to gather real-time information, conduct interviews, and access sources from the other side. This can impede their ability to provide comprehensive and balanced coverage.

Technological infrastructure: Journalists heavily rely on technology for their work, from communication tools to data analysis platforms. Decoupling can disrupt the availability and functionality of certain technologies, as countries may restrict the export or use of specific technologies from their rival. This can impact the efficiency and effectiveness of journalistic work.

Global collaboration: Decoupling technology can also hinder global collaboration among journalists. In an interconnected world, journalists often collaborate across borders, share information, resources, and expertise. Restrictions on technology transfer can make it more difficult for journalists to collaborate with their counterparts in the rival country, limiting the potential for cross-border investigative reporting and knowledge sharing.

Censorship and information control: Decoupling technology can provide governments with more control over information flows within their borders. Governments may use the justification of national security to tighten their grip on information and impose stricter regulations on media organizations. This can result in increased censorship and limitations on press freedom, affecting the quality and diversity of journalism.

Technological innovation: The US-China rivalry has been a catalyst for technological innovation and competition. Decoupling may disrupt the flow of technological advancements and impede global cooperation in research and development. This can have long-term consequences for the advancement of journalism tools and platforms, potentially slowing down progress in the field. The list still continues…

Visa Issues: Journalists from one country may encounter difficulties obtaining visas or renewing existing ones to work in the other country. This can impede their ability to gather news and report on events directly from the ground.

Media Expulsions: In periods of heightened tensions, governments  expeled journalists from rival countries, accusing them of biased reporting or other reasons. This can severely impact journalists' ability to cover stories and maintain important sources of information.

Cyber Attacks and Surveillance: Journalists reporting on sensitive topics related to the US-China rivalry may face increased cyber threats, surveillance, and hacking attempts. Governments and non-state actors may target journalists to access their sources, suppress critical reporting, or gather intelligence.

Nationalistic Backlash: In the context of a US-China rivalry, journalists may face nationalist sentiments that target foreign journalists as "biased" or "enemy agents." This can lead to online harassment, physical threats, and intimidation.

Self-Censorship: Journalists may feel pressure to self-censor their reporting to avoid running afoul of government policies or to protect themselves from potential repercussions. This can lead to a chilling effect on press freedom and the ability to report independently.

Propaganda and Disinformation: The US-China rivalry can result in an increased dissemination of propaganda and disinformation, making it challenging for journalists to verify information and provide accurate reporting. Journalists need to navigate through the noise and work diligently to ensure the accuracy and reliability of their reporting.

It is important to note that the impact of decoupling technology on journalism work is still unfolding and will depend on numerous factors, including government policies, industry dynamics, and technological developments. Journalists and media organizations will need to adapt to these changing circumstances, explore alternative avenues for information gathering and collaboration, and advocate for press freedom and access to information in the evolving landscape.

Now for final part of this sharing session

Max Boot, a US columnist, wrote about Indonesia in The Washington Post, Opinion section, last February.

“With a population of 274 millions, it is the fourth-largest country in the world, the third-most populous democracy, and the most populous Muslim-majority country. (It has seven times  as many Muslims as Saudi Arabia.) It is the world largest producer of nickles, and could become the second-largest producer of cobalt — two of the minerals needed for making electric vehicle batteries. It dominates one of the world’s most strategically important waterways — the Straits of Malacca, linking the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Most of China’s energy supplies pass through the Straits. Little wonder that Indonesia has become a fulcrum of U.S.-China competition”. His opinion title is : “Pay Attention to Indonesia. It Will Help Determine The Future of Asia.

Indonesia should be treated better because its potential.

So, I want to emphasize:

Indonesia G20 Presidency in 2022 and ASEAN Chairmanship 2023, show how the country perceived as "the mediator as well as leader" in the region, or “Bridge builder ”,  Jokowi words during his speech in UN GA, September 2020, his first speech on this plenary, because of its impartial and  non-aligned  position in  foreign affairs policy.

The attitude has proven beneficial for Indonesia in handling the pandemic COVID-19, and the recovery.  For example, 80 percent of the vaccines from foreign countries for the Indonesian people are from China. The government also received vaccine commitments from the US.  Vaccination is a game changer in recovery from the pandemic so that Indonesia can begin economic recovery and regain positive growth in 2021.

The Bali Declaration of G20 Summit 2022, shows how Indonesia respected by world leaders included President Biden and President Xi.  With behind the curtain diplomacy, Indonesia as the host and G20 Chairman, managed to facilitate the meeting between both leaders, the first one in seven years.

While Indonesia is not directly involved in the US-China rivalry, it is closely monitoring the situation and seeking to maintain its strategic position as a bridge between two nations.

I quote Indonesia foreign minister Ibu Retno Marsudi on her interview with Reuters, in  September 2020.  “We don’t want to get trapped by this rivalry”.  That is the official position by our Chief Diplomat.  But what about behind the scene? Political and business interest? Who knows

What journalist can do?

I think, journalism is critical in the growing US-China rivalry for several reasons  

Firstly, the media plays crucial role in informing the public about the latest developments and events between the two countries.  Given the complexity of the issues involved, it is essential that the media provides accurate, unbiased, and contextualized information to help citizens understand the implications on the ongoing rivalry.

Secondly, journalism is important in holding both governments accountable for their actions.  With tensions between the US and China running high, it is essential that journalists remain independent and objective in their reporting, to ensure that the public is aware of any potential wrongdoing or missteps by either government.

Thirdly, journalism can help to foster understanding and dialogue between the two nations.  By providing in-depth coverage of the issues at stake, journalists can help to bridge the gap between the two countries, and promote greater understanding and cooperation.

Finally, journalism can help to prevent the escalation of the US-China rivalry into a full-blown conflict.  By shinning a spotlight on the risks and dangers of confrontation, journalists can play a vital role in helping to de-escalate and promote peaceful solutions to the issues at stake.

Journalism is essential in the growing US-China rivalry and plays a crucial role in informing the public, holding governments accountable, promoting understanding and preventing conflict.

I think we need to do this together.