U.S. Geological Survey, “Frequently Asked Questions About Volcanic Smog (Vog),” diakses September 2026.
U.S. Geological Survey, “Volcanic Gases Can Be Harmful to Health, Vegetation and Infrastructure,” diakses September 2026.
International Volcanic Health Hazard Network, “Health Effects of Vog,” diakses September 2026.
Bernadette M. Longo et al., “Acute Health Effects Associated with Exposure to Volcanic Air Pollution (Vog) from Increased Activity at Kilauea Volcano in 2008,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 73, no. 20 (2010): 1370–81, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2010.497440.
Elizabeth K. Tam et al., “Volcanic Air Pollution over the Island of Hawai‘i: Emissions, Dispersal, and Composition. Association with Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function in Hawai‘i Island School Children,” Environment International 92–93 (2016): 543–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.025.
Timothy J. Halliday, John Lynham, and Áureo de Paula, “Vog: Using Volcanic Eruptions to Estimate the Health Costs of Particulates,” Economic Journal 129, no. 620 (2019): 1782–1816, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12609.
Carol Stewart et al., “Volcanic Air Pollution and Human Health: Recent Advances and Future Directions,” Bulletin of Volcanology 84 (2022): 11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01513-9.
International Volcanic Health Hazard Network, “Vog Protection,” diakses September 2026.