Alice H. Lichtenstein et al., “2026 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association,” Circulation (2026), doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001435.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, FoodData Central, entry for whole cow’s milk, 3.25% milkfat. Nutrient values reproduced from USDA FoodData Central data.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, FoodData Central, entry for reduced-fat cow’s milk, 2% milkfat.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, FoodData Central, entry for cow’s milk, 1% milkfat.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, FoodData Central, entry for fat-free/skim cow’s milk.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, FoodData Central, entry for fluid goat milk.
Young W. Park, “Comparison of Mineral and Cholesterol Composition of Different Commercial Goat Milk Products Manufactured in USA,” Small Ruminant Research 37, no. 1–2 (2000): 115–124.
Sokratis Stergiadis et al., “Comparative Nutrient Profiling of Retail Goat and Cow Milk,” Nutrients 11, no. 10 (2019): 2282.
Abigail J. Johnson et al., “Assessing the Nutrient Content of Plant-Based Milk Alternative Products Available in the United States,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 125, no. 4 (2025): 515–527.e8, doi:10.1016/j.jand.2024.06.003.
Tania Craig and Ujué Fresán, “A Scoping Review of the Environmental Impacts and Nutrient Composition of Plant-Based Milks,” Advances in Nutrition 14, no. 1 (2023): 81–95.
“Can Plant-Based Milk Alternatives Fully Replicate UHT Cow Milk? A Review of Sensory and Physicochemical Attributes,” Beverages 11, no. 6 (2026): 171.
World Allergy Organization, “DRACMA Guidelines Update XVI: Nutritional Management of Cow’s Milk Allergy,” 2024.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, “Milk and Plant-Based Milk Alternatives: Know the Nutrient Difference.”
American Heart Association, “Dairy Products: Milk, Yogurt and Cheese,” reviewed May 14, 2026.