Varut Lohsiriwat, “Hemorrhoids: From Basic Pathophysiology to Clinical Management,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 18, no. 17 (January 1, 2012): 2009, https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2009.
Satish S.C. Rao, “Constipation: Evaluation and Treatment of Colonic and Anorectal Motility Disorders,” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 117–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giec.2008.12.006.
Anne Fabrizio, Yewande Alimi, and Anjali Kumar, “Methods of Evaluation of Anorectal Causes of Obstructed Defecation,” Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 30, no. 01 (December 22, 2016): 046–056, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1593427.
Qing Li et al., “Correlation Between Poor Defecation Habits and Postoperative Hemorrhoid Recurrence,” Frontiers in Surgery 9 (June 17, 2022): 930215, https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2022.930215.
Anthony Lembo and Michael Camilleri, “Chronic Constipation,” New England Journal of Medicine 349, no. 14 (October 1, 2003): 1360–68, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra020995.
Adil E Bharucha, Mira M Wouters, and Jan Tack, “Existing and Emerging Therapies for Managing Constipation and Diarrhea,” Current Opinion in Pharmacology 37 (November 22, 2017): 158–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2017.10.015.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). “Urinary Tract Infection in Adults.” Diakses April 2026.
World Health Organization (WHO). “Hand Hygiene Guidelines.” Diakses April 2026.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “When and How to Wash Your Hands.” Diakses April 2026.
R.R. Brady et al., “Mobile Phone Technology and Hospitalized Patients: A Cross-sectional Surveillance Study of Bacterial Colonization, and Patient Opinions and Behaviours,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17, no. 6 (February 15, 2011): 830–35, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03493.x.
David L. Johnson et al., “Lifting the Lid on Toilet Plume Aerosol: A Literature Review With Suggestions for Future Research,” American Journal of Infection Control 41, no. 3 (October 5, 2012): 254–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330.